National Secondary Education Campaign supplementary literature STD 12th
There are several pharmacological agents that are commonly used to aid smokers in their quest to quit smoking. However, we will concentrate on the three major types: nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), bupropion sustained release (SR), and varenicline. These treatment interventions are widely available on prescription, and in the case of NRT as an over-the-counter medication. They are licensed as first-line treatments for use as smoking-cessation aids in the US and the EU, and are widely recommended in many national guidelines.64
The Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan was set up by the government to bring elementary education to millions of children which has been hugely successful and hence the need to strengthen the structure of secondary education across the country. The campaign (RMSA) is also said to have launched plans to implement it at a total cost of Rs.20,120 crore during the 12th Plan
large as was Spanish, the language spoken by the parents who participated in the Rodriguez study. Support for the primary language at home (e.g., Hakuta and D’Andrea, 1992; Wong-Fillmore, 1991) can reduce the chances and severity of loss (e.g., Collins, 2014; Collins et al., 2014; Hammer et al., 2009; Leung and Uchikoshi, 2012; Mancilla-Martinez and Lesaux, 2011). Mancilla-Martinez and Lesaux , for example, found that use of Spanish in the home had a positive impact on children’s vocabulary growth and did not negatively affect their English vocabulary growth, while mothers’ increased use of English in the home negatively affected children’s Spanish vocabulary development. Similarly, attending school programs in which the L1 is used for instruction along with English can lead to retention of the L1 (e.g., Lindholm-Leary and Borsato, 2006; Mueller Gathercole, 2002). Working with school-age ELs in Florida, Mueller Gathercole found that by grade 5, Spanish-speaking ELs in two-way immersion programs had significantly greater proficiency in Spanish grammar than their peers in all-English mainstream programs, even when the latter came from homes in which Spanish was spoken. However, even ELs who use their L1 at home and/or attend dual language programs in the elementary grades often experience a shift to English (Wong-Fillmore, 1991). Hammer and colleagues found that L1 interactions between ELs and their mothers changed upon the children’s entry to preschools in which they were instructed in English; that is, the percentage of mothers who spoke mostly English to their children increased from preschool to kindergarten. This change in mothers’ language usage slowed their children’s development of Spanish vocabulary. Similarly, Collins and colleagues (Collins, 2014; Collins et al., 2014) found that more use of Spanish in the home was an important predictor of academic proficiency in Spanish in the early elementary grades, but even when Spanish was the dominant language of the home, second-generation adolescents who had been schooled in English had trouble conversing fluently in Spanish with their parents or other family members (Block, 2012; Cohen and Wickens, 2015). Participation in dual language school programs does not guarantee that ELs will continue to develop age-appropriate academic language in their L1. Proctor and colleagues , for example, found that ELs who were instructed in Spanish literacy until grade 2 or 3 in transitional bilingual programs experienced decreases in Spanish reading ability relative to norms for native Spanish speakers; at the same time, ELs instructed only in English were not literate in Spanish by grade 5. Pham and Kohnert found that Vietnamese-speaking ELs who received some instruction in Vietnamese along with English showed growth in both languages from grades 2 to 5,
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In summary, tobacco tax increases reduces tobacco consumption via higher cigarette prices, raises government revenue, saves more lives, preserves employment, and reduces tobacco farming. However, whether or not tax increases lead to loss of revenue in the tobacco industry is still a subject of debate, as smuggling and tax evasion help to minimize any losses arising from taxation.
A new federal-state-industry partnership would identify school models that provide both of these opportunities to all students and would bring these models to scale regionally and within states. To ensure that all students have access to new opportunities in high school, these models should focus heavily on the middle grades. This partnership would require states and industry partners to ensure that career and technical education programs reflect upcoming, well-paid, in-demand jobs in their region and that they address structural inequities to increase access to programs for students in the state who have historically been underserved and subsequently locked out of high-paying jobs. Building on their state’s college- and career-ready academic content standards, participating school districts could establish a K-12 ladder of course content supporting preparation for careers in the new economy. Districts would also strengthen family engagement and educator professional development, building awareness about the requirements for the future of work as early as kindergarten.
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