National Secondary Education Campaign supplementary literature STD 10th

Apart from the income benefits of tobacco smoking, another source of benefit, especially to the government, of smoking is the substantial cost savings in pension payments from premature death of smokers. This is a highly debated issue in the literature, because it is premised on the thinking that a shorter life expectancy implies a reduced expenditure on pensions. Thus, attempts to promote this will be deemed socially undesirable and hence cannot be incorporated into social policy design.60,62

Successive recent British Governments have made attempts to promote and expand vocational education. In the 1970s, the Business And Technology Education Council was founded to confer further and higher education awards, particularly to further education colleges in the United Kingdom. In the 1980s and 1990s, the Conservative Government promoted the Youth Training Scheme, National Vocational Qualifications and General National Vocational Qualifications. However, youth training was marginalised as the proportion of young people staying on in full-time education increased.[37]

Vocational education can take place at the post-secondary, further education, or higher education level and can interact with the apprenticeship system. At the post-secondary level, vocational education is often provided by highly specialized trade schools, technical schools, community colleges, colleges of further education (UK), universities, as well as institutes of technology (formerly called polytechnic institutes).

There are several pharmacological agents that are commonly used to aid smokers in their quest to quit smoking. However, we will concentrate on the three major types: nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), bupropion sustained release (SR), and varenicline. These treatment interventions are widely available on prescription, and in the case of NRT as an over-the-counter medication. They are licensed as first-line treatments for use as smoking-cessation aids in the US and the EU, and are widely recommended in many national guidelines.64

The economic impact of smoking is twofold: the costs of tobacco use itself, and the costs of reducing its prevalence among smokers. Beyond the face value of cigarette purchases, the costs of tobacco use have more far-reaching health and economic implications on private individuals, families, employers, and taxpayers. The costs of smoking have thus been classified as direct, indirect, and intangible. The direct costs of smoking include the cost of illness due to smoking on affected patients, and the health care expenditure involved in the treatment of smoking-related illnesses (eg, cost of drugs and administrative services). In the UK, direct costs of smoking arise from GP consultations, prescriptions for drugs, and various costs related to treating diseases attributable to smoking.7 Direct costs could also include the resources used up by other agencies and charitable organizations.9 The World Bank estimates that about 15% of the aggregate health care expenditure in high-income countries can be attributed to smoking.10,11 In the UK, the direct costs of smoking to the NHS have been estimated at between £2.7 billion and £5.2 billion, which is equivalent to around 5% of the total NHS budget each year.3,7,8,12–14 Smoking also poses considerable indirect costs to society and the nonsmoking public, eg, costs of second-hand smoking, costs to employers in the form of loss of productivity and absenteeism of smokers owing to smoking-related illnesses.15 In addition, smoking-induced fires, sickness/invalidity benefits, litter, etc are all negative externalities of smoking to society. The direct and indirect costs of smoking can be measuredb and hence are tangible costs, whereas there are some costs that cannot be easily quantified, such as loss of life, and the burden of pain and suffering caused by smoking-induced illness.16,17 These unquantifiable costs are often referred to as the intangible costs of smoking.

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The objective of the National Secondary Education Campaign (RSMA) is to expand and improve the standards of secondary education - Classes 9 to 10. National Secondary Education Campaign by specifying a secondary school (up to class 10) within an area of 5 km for each adjoining country. Will also take secondary education to the corner. The National Secondary Education Campaign (RMSA) is the latest initiative of the Government of India to achieve the goal of Universalization of Secondary Education

Telecoms, media, and technology-based interventions TMT-based interventions refer to electronic and mass media-related means aimed at offering support to effect changes in smoking behavior in adults and young adolescents. Examples include telephone counseling offered through “quitlines” or “helplines”; radio, TV, and print media; and computer and Internet-based intervention programs. A summary of the results of related TMT-based cost effectiveness studies can be found in Supplementary File 2.

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