The Constitution of India is the supreme law of India. It
lays down the framework defining fundamental political principles,
establishes the structure, procedures, powers and duties of government
institutions and sets out fundamental rights, directive principles and
the duties of citizens. It is the longest written constitu
tion of any
sovereign country in the world. B. R. Ambedkar, the chairman of the
Drafting Committee, is widely considered to be its chief architect.
It imparts constitutional supremacy and not parliamentary
supremacy, as it is not created by the Parliament but, by a constituent
assembly, and adopted by its people, with a declaration in its preamble.
Parliament cannot override the constitution.
It was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26 November
1949, and came into effect on 26 January 1950. With its adoption, the
Union of India became the modern and contemporary Republic of India
replacing the Government of India Act, 1935 as the country's fundamental
governing document. To ensure constitutional autochthony, the framers
of the constitution repealed the prior Acts of the British Parliament
via Article 395 of the constitution. India celebrates its coming into
force on 26 January each year, as Republic Day.
It declares India a sovereign, socialist, secular,
democratic republic, assuring its citizens of justice, equality, and
liberty, and endeavours to promote fraternity among them.
It was drafted by the Constituent Assembly, which was
elected by elected members of the provincial assemblies. The 389 member
Constituent Assembly took almost three years (two years, eleven months
and eighteen days to be precise) to complete its historic task of
drafting the Constitution for independent India, during which, it held
eleven sessions over 165 days. Of these, 114 days were spent on the
consideration of the draft Constitution. On 29 August 1947, the
Constituent Assembly set up a Drafting Committee under the Chairmanship
of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar to prepare a draft Constitution for India.
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