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The history of Gujarat, began with settlements of the Indus Valley
Civilisation that have been found in the region. With the discovery of
large Harappan site of Dholavira in Kutch District, the history of
Gujarat dates back to 5000 BC. Lothal (early Harappan town dating back
to 3000 BC) has been established as the oldest known port of the world.
Gujarat's coastal cities, chiefly Bharuch, served as ports and trading
centers in the Nanda, Maurya, Satavahana and Gupta empires as well as
Western Kshatrapas period. After the fall of the Gupta empire in the 6th
century, Gujarat flourished as an independent Hindu/Buddhist states.
The Maitraka dynasty, descended from a Gupta general, ruled from the 6th
to the 8th centuries from their capital at Vallabhi, although they were
ruled briefly by Harsha during the 7th century. The Arab rulers of
Sindh sacked Vallabhi in 770, bringing the Maitraka dynasty to an end.
The Gurjara-Pratihara Empire ruled Gujarat after from the 8th to 10th
centuries. As well as, for some periods the region came under the
control of Rashtrakuta Empire and Pala Empire. In 775 the first Parsi
(Zoroastrian) refugees arrived in Gujarat from Greater Iran.
During the 10th century, the native Chaulukya dynasty came to power.
Under the Chaulukya dynasty, Gujarat reached to its greatest extent.
From 1297 to 1300, Allauddin Khilji, the Turkic Sultan of Delhi,
destroyed Anhilwara and incorporated Gujarat into the Delhi Sultanate.
After Timur's sacking of Delhi at the end of the 14th century weakened
the Sultanate, Gujarat's Rajput Muslim governor Zafar Khan Muzaffar
asserted his independence, and his son, Sultan Ahmed Shah (ruled 1411 to
1442), restructured Ahmedabad as the capital.
Cambay eclipsed Bharuch as Gujarat's most important trade port. The Sultanate of Gujarat remained independent until 1576, when the Mughal emperor Akbar the Great conquered it and annexed it to the Mughal Empire. The port of Surat become the prominent and main port of India during Mughal rule. Gujarat remained a province of the Mughal empire until the Marathas occupied eastern and central Gujarat in the 18th century; Western Gujarat (Kathiawar and Kutch) were divided among numerous local rulers.
Cambay eclipsed Bharuch as Gujarat's most important trade port. The Sultanate of Gujarat remained independent until 1576, when the Mughal emperor Akbar the Great conquered it and annexed it to the Mughal Empire. The port of Surat become the prominent and main port of India during Mughal rule. Gujarat remained a province of the Mughal empire until the Marathas occupied eastern and central Gujarat in the 18th century; Western Gujarat (Kathiawar and Kutch) were divided among numerous local rulers.
Later in the 18th century, Gujarat came under control of the Maratha
Empire who dominated the politics of India. Pilaji Gaekwad, first ruler
of Gaekwad dynasty, established the control over Baroda and much of
Gujarat. After the Battle of Panipat in 1761, all Maratha generals
established themselves as an autonomous government while keeping the
nominal authority of the Peshwas of Pune and the Chhatrapati in Satara.
The British East India Company wrested control of much of Gujarat from
the Marathas during the Second Anglo-Maratha War. Many local rulers,
notably the Maratha Gaekwads of Baroda (Vadodara), made a separate peace
with the British and acknowledged British sovereignty in return for
retaining local self-rule. Gujarat was placed under the political
authority of the Bombay Presidency, with the exception of Baroda state,
which had a direct relationship with the Governor-General of India. From
1818 to 1947, most of present-day Gujarat, including Kathiawar, Kutch,
and northern and eastern Gujarat were divided into hundreds of princely
states, but several districts in central and southern Gujarat, namely
Ahmedabad, Broach (Bharuch), Kaira (Kheda), Current affairs..
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